Photo: AP Penyokong Mesir Presiden Mohammed Morsi yang digulingkan
membawa seorang lelaki yang cedera ke hospital berikutan medan pertempuran
dengan pasukan keselamatan di Nasr City, di mana penunjuk perasaan pro-Morsi
telah mengadakan berminggu-lama ‘Sit-in’, di Kaherah, Mesir, Sabtu 27 Julai,
2013 . Polis melepaskan gas pemedih mata untuk menyuraikan beratus-ratus
penyokong Morsi, mencetuskan pertempuran yang berlangsung selama berjam-jam dan
meninggalkan puluhan orang mati – think in pictures
@1WORLDCommunity)
MADAyuMadyan
- CAIRO (AP) ‘Peristiwa penting dalam Pergolakan Mesir dan Pemberontakan’ Pertempuran
meletus awal pagi di Kaherah antara pasukan keselamatan dan penyokong Mesir
menggulingkan Presiden Mohammed Morsi, membunuh sekurang-kurangnya 38 penunjuk
perasaan.
Berikut
adalah beberapa peristiwa penting dari lebih daripada dua tahun kegawatan dan
peralihan di Mesir:
25
Jan-Feb. 11, 2011 - demonstrasi peringkat Mesir di seluruh negara
terhadap pemerintahan Presiden Hosni Mubarak. Beratus-ratus penunjuk perasaan
yang terbunuh sebagai Mubarak dan sekutu-sekutunya cuba untuk menghancurkan
kebangkitan.
11 Feb - Mubarak
berundur dan bertukar kuasa kepada tentera. Tentera larut parlimen dan
menggantung perlembagaan, memenuhi dua tuntutan utama penunjuk perasaan.
Nov 28,
2011-Feb 15, 2012 - Mesir memegang berbilang, weekslong pilihan raya
parlimen. Di rumah legislatif yang lebih rendah, Ikhwan Muslimin menang hampir
separuh kerusi, dan Salafi ultraconservative mengambil suku lain. Selebihnya
pergi kepada ahli-ahli politik liberal, bebas dan sekular. Di rumah atas
sebahagian besarnya tidak berkuasa, Islam mengambil masa hampir 90% peratus
daripada kerusi.
Mei 23-24,
2012 - pusingan pertama pengundian dalam pilihan raya
presiden mempunyai bidang daripada 13 calon. Morsi dan Ahmed Shafiq, perdana
menteri terakhir di bawah Mubarak, muncul sebagai 2 ‘finishers’ atas, untuk
menghadapi satu sama lain dalam aliran a.
14 Jun - Supreme
perintah Mahkamah Perlembagaan yang membubarkan Dewan Rakyat Parlimen.
16-17 Jun
- Mesir mengundi larian presiden antara Morsi dan Shafiq. Morsi menang
dengan 51.7% peratus undi.
30 Jun -
Morsi mengangkat sumpah jawatannya.
19 Nov - Ahli-ahli
parti-parti liberal dan wakil-wakil gereja Mesir menarik diri daripada
perhimpunan 100 ahli menulis perlembagaan, membantah cubaan oleh Islam untuk
mengenakan akan mereka.
22 Nov - Morsi
unilateral dekri kuasa yang lebih untuk dirinya sendiri, memberi imuniti
keputusan dari semakan kehakiman dan sekatan mahkamah daripada membubarkan
Dewan Undangan konstituen dan rumah atas parlimen. Langkah itu bunga api hari
protes.
30
November - Islam dalam perhimpunan konstituen tergesa-gesa untuk
menyiapkan draf perlembagaan. Morsi menetapkan tarikh 15 Disember untuk
referendum.
4 Disember
- Lebih daripada 100,000 penunjuk perasaan berarak di istana presiden,
menuntut pembatalan referendum dan penulisan perlembagaan baru. Keesokan
harinya, Islam menyerang anti-Morsi duduk dalam, mencetuskan pertempuran
jalanan yang meninggalkan sekurang-kurangnya 10 mati.
Disember
15, Disember 22 - Dalam referendum 2 pusingan, Mesir meluluskan
perlembagaan, dengan 63.8% peratus mengundi memihak. Keluar mengundi adalah
rendah.
25 Januari
2013 - Beratus-ratus ribu mengadakan bantahan terhadap
Morsi pada ulang tahun ke 2 tahun permulaan pemberontakan terhadap Mubarak, dan
pertempuran meletus di banyak tempat.
Februari-Mac
2013 - Protes kemarahan di Port Said dan bandar-bandar
lain selama beberapa minggu, dengan berpuluh-puluh lagi mati dalam pertempuran.
7 April - Mob Islam
menyerang gereja utama Gereja Ortodoks Koptik sebagai orang Kristian mengadakan
upacara pengebumian dan bantahan terdapat lebih 4 Kristian terbunuh dalam
keganasan sektarian hari sebelum. Pope Tawadros II terbuka menyalahkan Morsi
kerana gagal untuk melindungi bangunan.
23 Jun - Mob berdegup
mati 4 Syiah Mesir di sebuah kampung di pinggir Kaherah.
30 Jun -
Berjuta-juta orang Mesir menunjukkan, memanggil Morsi untuk berundur. 8 orang
terbunuh dalam pertempuran di luar ibu pejabat Kaherah Ikhwan Muslim.
1 Julai - Demonstrasi
besar berterusan, dan tentera yang berkuasa Mesir memberikan presiden dan
pembangkang 48 jam untuk menyelesaikan pertikaian mereka, atau ia akan
mengenakan penyelesaian sendiri.
2 Julai - pegawai
tentera mendedahkan butiran utama pelan tentera jika tiada persetujuan dicapai:
menggantikan Morsi dengan pentadbiran interim, membatalkan perlembagaan Islam
berasaskan dan memanggil pilihan raya dalam setahun. Morsi menyampaikan ucapan
lewat malam di mana beliau berjanji untuk mempertahankan kesahihan dan ikrar
untuk tidak meletak jawatan.
3 Julai - ketua
tentera Mesir mengumumkan bahawa Morsi telah dipecat, akan digantikan oleh
Ketua Hakim Mahkamah Perlembagaan Agung sehingga pilihan raya presiden baru.
Tiada tempoh masa yang diberikan. Pemimpin Ikhwan Muslimin yang ditangkap.
4 Julai - Mahkamah
Agung Perlembagaan Ketua Hakim Adly Mansour mengangkat sumpah sebagai presiden
interim Mesir.
5 Julai - Mansour
larut rumah atas yang Islam yang didominasi parlimen sebagai penyokong
peringkat bantahan besar-besaran Morsi itu menuntut kembali. Pertempuran antara
pro-dan anti-kumpulan Morsi di Kaherah dan Alexandria, dan keganasan di tempat
lain meninggalkan sekurang-kurangnya 36 yang mati. Orang kuat Ikhwan, timbalan
ketua Khairat el-Shater, ditangkap.
8 Julai - tentera
Mesir api terbuka demonstran Ikhwan Muslimin di hadapan pangkalan tentera di
Kaherah, membunuh lebih daripada 50. Masing-masing pihak menyalahkan yang lain
untuk memulakan pertembungan. Ikhwan menyeru pemberontakan menentang tentera.
Mansour meletakkan ke hadapan satu garis masa bagi meminda perlembagaan dan
memilih presiden baru dan Parlimen pada pertengahan bulan Februari. Ikhwan
enggan untuk mengambil bahagian dalam proses.
9 Julai - Mansour
melantik ekonomi Hazem el-Beblawi sebagai perdana menteri dan ketua pembangkang
Mohamed ElBaradei sebagai naib presiden. Satu pengumuman tentera punggung
pelantikan.
26 Julai -
Berjuta-juta tuangkan ke dalam jalan-jalan Mesir dalam demonstrasi saingan
selepas panggilan oleh ketua tentera negara itu untuk penunjuk perasaan untuk
memberi dia mandat untuk menghentikan "potensi keganasan" oleh
penyokong Ikhwan Muslimin Morsi itu. 5 orang yang terbunuh dalam pertempuran.
Pendakwa mengumumkan Morsi sedang disiasat untuk pelbagai dakwaan termasuk
pembunuhan dan konspirasi dengan kumpulan militan Palestin Hamas.
27 Julai - Pertempuran
di waktu awal pagi antara pasukan keselamatan dan penyokong Morsi membunuh
sekurang-kurangnya 38 penunjuk perasaan di Kaherah.
Photo: AP Supporters
of Egypt's ousted President Mohammed Morsi carry an injured man to a field hospital
following clashes with security forces at Nasr City, where pro-Morsi protesters
have held a weeks-long sit-in, in Cairo, Egypt, Saturday, July 27, 2013. Police
fired tear gas to disperse hundreds of Morsi supporters, setting off clashes
that lasted for hours and left tens of people dead – think in pictures
@1WORLDCommunity)
Key events
in Egypt's uprising and unrest
MADAyuMadyan
- CAIRO (AP) Clashes erupted early Saturday in Cairo between security forces
and supporters of Egypt's ousted President Mohammed Morsi, killing at least 38
protesters.
Here are
some key events from more than two years of turmoil and transition in Egypt:
Jan.
25-Feb. 11, 2011- Egyptians stage nationwide demonstrations
against the rule of President Hosni Mubarak. Hundreds of protesters are killed
as Mubarak and his allies try to crush the uprising.
Feb. 11 - Mubarak
steps down and turns power over to the military. The military dissolves
parliament and suspends the constitution, meeting two key demands of
protesters.
Nov. 28,
2011-Feb 15, 2012 - Egypt holds multistage, weekslong parliamentary
elections. In the lawmaking lower house, the Muslim Brotherhood wins nearly
half the seats, and ultraconservative Salafis take another quarter. The
remainder goes to liberal, independent and secular politicians. In the largely
powerless upper house, Islamists take nearly 90 percent of the seats.
May 23-24,
2012 - The first round of voting in presidential
elections has a field of 13 candidates. Morsi and Ahmed Shafiq, the last prime
minister under Mubarak, emerge as the top two finishers, to face each other in
a runoff.
June 14 - The
Supreme Constitutional Court orders the dissolving of the lower house of
parliament.
June 16-17
- Egyptians vote in the presidential runoff between Morsi and Shafiq.
Morsi wins with 51.7 percent of the vote.
June 30 - Morsi
takes his oath of office.
Nov. 19 - Members
of liberal parties and representatives of Egypt's churches withdraw from the
100-member assembly writing the constitution, protesting attempts by Islamists
to impose their will.
Nov. 22 - Morsi
unilaterally decrees greater powers for himself, giving his decisions immunity
from judicial review and barring the courts from dissolving the constituent
assembly and the upper house of parliament. The move sparks days of protests.
Nov. 30 - Islamists
in the constituent assembly rush to complete the draft of the constitution.
Morsi sets a Dec. 15 date for a referendum.
Dec. 4 - More than
100,000 protesters march on the presidential palace, demanding the cancellation
of the referendum and the writing of a new constitution. The next day,
Islamists attack an anti-Morsi sit-in, sparking street battles that leave at
least 10 dead.
Dec. 15,
Dec. 22 - In the two-round referendum, Egyptians approve
the constitution, with 63.8 percent voting in favor. Turnout is low.
Jan. 25,
2013 - Hundreds of thousands hold protests against Morsi on the 2-year
anniversary of the start of the revolt against Mubarak, and clashes erupt in
many places.
Feb.-March
2013 - Protests rage in Port Said and other cities for
weeks, with dozens more dying in clashes.
April 7 - A Muslim
mob attacks the main cathedral of the Coptic Orthodox Church as Christians hold
a funeral and protest there over four Christians killed in sectarian violence
the day before. Pope Tawadros II publicly blames Morsi for failing to protect
the building.
June 23 - A mob
beats to death four Egyptian Shiites in a village on the outskirts of Cairo.
June 30 - Millions of Egyptians demonstrate, calling for Morsi to step down.
Eight people are killed in clashes outside the Muslim Brotherhood's Cairo
headquarters.
July 1 - Huge
demonstrations continue, and Egypt's powerful military gives the president and
the opposition 48 hours to resolve their disputes, or it will impose its own
solution.
July 2 - Military
officials disclose main details of the army's plan if no agreement is reached:
replacing Morsi with an interim administration, canceling the Islamist-based
constitution and calling elections in a year. Morsi delivers a late-night
speech in which he pledges to defend his legitimacy and vows not to step down.
July 3 - Egypt's
military chief announces that Morsi has been deposed, to be replaced by the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court until new presidential
elections. No time frame is given. Muslim Brotherhood leaders are arrested.
July 4 - Supreme
Constitutional Court Chief Justice Adly Mansour is sworn in as Egypt's interim
president.
July 5 - Mansour
dissolves the Islamist-dominated upper house of parliament as Morsi's
supporters stage mass protests demanding his return. Clashes between pro- and
anti-Morsi groups in Cairo and Alexandria, and violence elsewhere leave at
least 36 dead. A Brotherhood strongman, deputy head Khairat el-Shater, is
arrested.
July 8 - Egyptian
soldiers open fire on Muslim Brotherhood demonstrators in front of a military
base in Cairo, killing more than 50. Each side blames the other for starting
the clash. The Brotherhood calls for an uprising against the military. Mansour
puts forward a time line for amending the constitution and electing a new
president and parliament by mid-February. The Brotherhood refuses to
participate in the process.
July 9 - Mansour
appoints economist Hazem el-Beblawi as prime minister and opposition leader
Mohamed ElBaradei as vice president. A military announcement backs up the
appointments.
July 26 - Millions
pour into the streets of Egypt in rival demonstrations after a call by the
country's military chief for protesters to give him a mandate to stop
"potential terrorism" by supporters of Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood.
Five people are killed in clashes. Prosecutors announce Morsi is under
investigation for a host of allegations including murder and conspiracy with
the Palestinian militant group Hamas.
July 27 - Clashes in the early morning hours between
security forces and Morsi supporters kill at least 38 protesters in Cairo.