Peristiwa penting dalam Pergolakan Mesir dan Pemberontakan . . .

Photo: AP Penyokong Mesir Presiden Mohammed Morsi yang digulingkan membawa seorang lelaki yang cedera ke hospital berikutan medan pertempuran dengan pasukan keselamatan di Nasr City, di mana penunjuk perasaan pro-Morsi telah mengadakan berminggu-lama ‘Sit-in’, di Kaherah, Mesir, Sabtu 27 Julai, 2013 . Polis melepaskan gas pemedih mata untuk menyuraikan beratus-ratus penyokong Morsi, mencetuskan pertempuran yang berlangsung selama berjam-jam dan meninggalkan puluhan orang mati – think in pictures @1WORLDCommunity)

MADAyuMadyan - CAIRO (AP) ‘Peristiwa penting dalam Pergolakan Mesir dan Pemberontakan’ Pertempuran meletus awal pagi di Kaherah antara pasukan keselamatan dan penyokong Mesir menggulingkan Presiden Mohammed Morsi, membunuh sekurang-kurangnya 38 penunjuk perasaan.

Berikut adalah beberapa peristiwa penting dari lebih daripada dua tahun kegawatan dan peralihan di Mesir:

25 Jan-Feb. 11, 2011 - demonstrasi peringkat Mesir di seluruh negara terhadap pemerintahan Presiden Hosni Mubarak. Beratus-ratus penunjuk perasaan yang terbunuh sebagai Mubarak dan sekutu-sekutunya cuba untuk menghancurkan kebangkitan.

11 Feb - Mubarak berundur dan bertukar kuasa kepada tentera. Tentera larut parlimen dan menggantung perlembagaan, memenuhi dua tuntutan utama penunjuk perasaan.

Nov 28, 2011-Feb 15, 2012 - Mesir memegang berbilang, weekslong pilihan raya parlimen. Di rumah legislatif yang lebih rendah, Ikhwan Muslimin menang hampir separuh kerusi, dan Salafi ultraconservative mengambil suku lain. Selebihnya pergi kepada ahli-ahli politik liberal, bebas dan sekular. Di rumah atas sebahagian besarnya tidak berkuasa, Islam mengambil masa hampir 90% peratus daripada kerusi.

Mei 23-24, 2012 - pusingan pertama pengundian dalam pilihan raya presiden mempunyai bidang daripada 13 calon. Morsi dan Ahmed Shafiq, perdana menteri terakhir di bawah Mubarak, muncul sebagai 2 ‘finishers’ atas, untuk menghadapi satu sama lain dalam aliran a.

14 Jun - Supreme perintah Mahkamah Perlembagaan yang membubarkan Dewan Rakyat Parlimen.

16-17 Jun - Mesir mengundi larian presiden antara Morsi dan Shafiq. Morsi menang dengan 51.7% peratus undi.

30 Jun - Morsi mengangkat sumpah jawatannya.

19 Nov - Ahli-ahli parti-parti liberal dan wakil-wakil gereja Mesir menarik diri daripada perhimpunan 100 ahli menulis perlembagaan, membantah cubaan oleh Islam untuk mengenakan akan mereka.

22 Nov - Morsi unilateral dekri kuasa yang lebih untuk dirinya sendiri, memberi imuniti keputusan dari semakan kehakiman dan sekatan mahkamah daripada membubarkan Dewan Undangan konstituen dan rumah atas parlimen. Langkah itu bunga api hari protes.

30 November - Islam dalam perhimpunan konstituen tergesa-gesa untuk menyiapkan draf perlembagaan. Morsi menetapkan tarikh 15 Disember untuk referendum.

4 Disember - Lebih daripada 100,000 penunjuk perasaan berarak di istana presiden, menuntut pembatalan referendum dan penulisan perlembagaan baru. Keesokan harinya, Islam menyerang anti-Morsi duduk dalam, mencetuskan pertempuran jalanan yang meninggalkan sekurang-kurangnya 10 mati.

Disember 15, Disember 22 - Dalam referendum 2 pusingan, Mesir meluluskan perlembagaan, dengan 63.8% peratus mengundi memihak. Keluar mengundi adalah rendah.

25 Januari 2013 - Beratus-ratus ribu mengadakan bantahan terhadap Morsi pada ulang tahun ke 2 tahun permulaan pemberontakan terhadap Mubarak, dan pertempuran meletus di banyak tempat.

Februari-Mac 2013 - Protes kemarahan di Port Said dan bandar-bandar lain selama beberapa minggu, dengan berpuluh-puluh lagi mati dalam pertempuran.

7 April - Mob Islam menyerang gereja utama Gereja Ortodoks Koptik sebagai orang Kristian mengadakan upacara pengebumian dan bantahan terdapat lebih 4 Kristian terbunuh dalam keganasan sektarian hari sebelum. Pope Tawadros II terbuka menyalahkan Morsi kerana gagal untuk melindungi bangunan.

23 Jun - Mob berdegup mati 4 Syiah Mesir di sebuah kampung di pinggir Kaherah.

30 Jun - Berjuta-juta orang Mesir menunjukkan, memanggil Morsi untuk berundur. 8 orang terbunuh dalam pertempuran di luar ibu pejabat Kaherah Ikhwan Muslim.

1 Julai - Demonstrasi besar berterusan, dan tentera yang berkuasa Mesir memberikan presiden dan pembangkang 48 jam untuk menyelesaikan pertikaian mereka, atau ia akan mengenakan penyelesaian sendiri.

2 Julai - pegawai tentera mendedahkan butiran utama pelan tentera jika tiada persetujuan dicapai: menggantikan Morsi dengan pentadbiran interim, membatalkan perlembagaan Islam berasaskan dan memanggil pilihan raya dalam setahun. Morsi menyampaikan ucapan lewat malam di mana beliau berjanji untuk mempertahankan kesahihan dan ikrar untuk tidak meletak jawatan.

3 Julai - ketua tentera Mesir mengumumkan bahawa Morsi telah dipecat, akan digantikan oleh Ketua Hakim Mahkamah Perlembagaan Agung sehingga pilihan raya presiden baru. Tiada tempoh masa yang diberikan. Pemimpin Ikhwan Muslimin yang ditangkap.

4 Julai - Mahkamah Agung Perlembagaan Ketua Hakim Adly Mansour mengangkat sumpah sebagai presiden interim Mesir.

5 Julai - Mansour larut rumah atas yang Islam yang didominasi parlimen sebagai penyokong peringkat bantahan besar-besaran Morsi itu menuntut kembali. Pertempuran antara pro-dan anti-kumpulan Morsi di Kaherah dan Alexandria, dan keganasan di tempat lain meninggalkan sekurang-kurangnya 36 yang mati. Orang kuat Ikhwan, timbalan ketua Khairat el-Shater, ditangkap.

8 Julai - tentera Mesir api terbuka demonstran Ikhwan Muslimin di hadapan pangkalan tentera di Kaherah, membunuh lebih daripada 50. Masing-masing pihak menyalahkan yang lain untuk memulakan pertembungan. Ikhwan menyeru pemberontakan menentang tentera. Mansour meletakkan ke hadapan satu garis masa bagi meminda perlembagaan dan memilih presiden baru dan Parlimen pada pertengahan bulan Februari. Ikhwan enggan untuk mengambil bahagian dalam proses.

9 Julai - Mansour melantik ekonomi Hazem el-Beblawi sebagai perdana menteri dan ketua pembangkang Mohamed ElBaradei sebagai naib presiden. Satu pengumuman tentera punggung pelantikan.

26 Julai - Berjuta-juta tuangkan ke dalam jalan-jalan Mesir dalam demonstrasi saingan selepas panggilan oleh ketua tentera negara itu untuk penunjuk perasaan untuk memberi dia mandat untuk menghentikan "potensi keganasan" oleh penyokong Ikhwan Muslimin Morsi itu. 5 orang yang terbunuh dalam pertempuran. Pendakwa mengumumkan Morsi sedang disiasat untuk pelbagai dakwaan termasuk pembunuhan dan konspirasi dengan kumpulan militan Palestin Hamas.

27 Julai - Pertempuran di waktu awal pagi antara pasukan keselamatan dan penyokong Morsi membunuh sekurang-kurangnya 38 penunjuk perasaan di Kaherah.

Photo: AP Supporters of Egypt's ousted President Mohammed Morsi carry an injured man to a field hospital following clashes with security forces at Nasr City, where pro-Morsi protesters have held a weeks-long sit-in, in Cairo, Egypt, Saturday, July 27, 2013. Police fired tear gas to disperse hundreds of Morsi supporters, setting off clashes that lasted for hours and left tens of people dead – think in pictures @1WORLDCommunity)

Key events in Egypt's uprising and unrest

MADAyuMadyan - CAIRO (AP) Clashes erupted early Saturday in Cairo between security forces and supporters of Egypt's ousted President Mohammed Morsi, killing at least 38 protesters.

Here are some key events from more than two years of turmoil and transition in Egypt:

Jan. 25-Feb. 11, 2011- Egyptians stage nationwide demonstrations against the rule of President Hosni Mubarak. Hundreds of protesters are killed as Mubarak and his allies try to crush the uprising.

Feb. 11 - Mubarak steps down and turns power over to the military. The military dissolves parliament and suspends the constitution, meeting two key demands of protesters.

Nov. 28, 2011-Feb 15, 2012 - Egypt holds multistage, weekslong parliamentary elections. In the lawmaking lower house, the Muslim Brotherhood wins nearly half the seats, and ultraconservative Salafis take another quarter. The remainder goes to liberal, independent and secular politicians. In the largely powerless upper house, Islamists take nearly 90 percent of the seats.

May 23-24, 2012 - The first round of voting in presidential elections has a field of 13 candidates. Morsi and Ahmed Shafiq, the last prime minister under Mubarak, emerge as the top two finishers, to face each other in a runoff.

June 14 - The Supreme Constitutional Court orders the dissolving of the lower house of parliament.

June 16-17 - Egyptians vote in the presidential runoff between Morsi and Shafiq. Morsi wins with 51.7 percent of the vote.

June 30 - Morsi takes his oath of office.

Nov. 19 - Members of liberal parties and representatives of Egypt's churches withdraw from the 100-member assembly writing the constitution, protesting attempts by Islamists to impose their will.

Nov. 22 - Morsi unilaterally decrees greater powers for himself, giving his decisions immunity from judicial review and barring the courts from dissolving the constituent assembly and the upper house of parliament. The move sparks days of protests.

Nov. 30 - Islamists in the constituent assembly rush to complete the draft of the constitution. Morsi sets a Dec. 15 date for a referendum.

Dec. 4 - More than 100,000 protesters march on the presidential palace, demanding the cancellation of the referendum and the writing of a new constitution. The next day, Islamists attack an anti-Morsi sit-in, sparking street battles that leave at least 10 dead.

Dec. 15, Dec. 22 - In the two-round referendum, Egyptians approve the constitution, with 63.8 percent voting in favor. Turnout is low.

Jan. 25, 2013 - Hundreds of thousands hold protests against Morsi on the 2-year anniversary of the start of the revolt against Mubarak, and clashes erupt in many places.

Feb.-March 2013 - Protests rage in Port Said and other cities for weeks, with dozens more dying in clashes.

April 7 - A Muslim mob attacks the main cathedral of the Coptic Orthodox Church as Christians hold a funeral and protest there over four Christians killed in sectarian violence the day before. Pope Tawadros II publicly blames Morsi for failing to protect the building.

June 23 - A mob beats to death four Egyptian Shiites in a village on the outskirts of Cairo. June 30 - Millions of Egyptians demonstrate, calling for Morsi to step down. Eight people are killed in clashes outside the Muslim Brotherhood's Cairo headquarters.

July 1 - Huge demonstrations continue, and Egypt's powerful military gives the president and the opposition 48 hours to resolve their disputes, or it will impose its own solution.

July 2 - Military officials disclose main details of the army's plan if no agreement is reached: replacing Morsi with an interim administration, canceling the Islamist-based constitution and calling elections in a year. Morsi delivers a late-night speech in which he pledges to defend his legitimacy and vows not to step down.

July 3 - Egypt's military chief announces that Morsi has been deposed, to be replaced by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court until new presidential elections. No time frame is given. Muslim Brotherhood leaders are arrested.

July 4 - Supreme Constitutional Court Chief Justice Adly Mansour is sworn in as Egypt's interim president.

July 5 - Mansour dissolves the Islamist-dominated upper house of parliament as Morsi's supporters stage mass protests demanding his return. Clashes between pro- and anti-Morsi groups in Cairo and Alexandria, and violence elsewhere leave at least 36 dead. A Brotherhood strongman, deputy head Khairat el-Shater, is arrested.

July 8 - Egyptian soldiers open fire on Muslim Brotherhood demonstrators in front of a military base in Cairo, killing more than 50. Each side blames the other for starting the clash. The Brotherhood calls for an uprising against the military. Mansour puts forward a time line for amending the constitution and electing a new president and parliament by mid-February. The Brotherhood refuses to participate in the process.

July 9 - Mansour appoints economist Hazem el-Beblawi as prime minister and opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei as vice president. A military announcement backs up the appointments.

July 26 - Millions pour into the streets of Egypt in rival demonstrations after a call by the country's military chief for protesters to give him a mandate to stop "potential terrorism" by supporters of Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood. Five people are killed in clashes. Prosecutors announce Morsi is under investigation for a host of allegations including murder and conspiracy with the Palestinian militant group Hamas.

July 27 - Clashes in the early morning hours between security forces and Morsi supporters kill at least 38 protesters in Cairo.