FD-2000/HQ-9 SAM sistem
China (China's FD-2000/HQ-9 SAM system
(Image from http://chinesemilitaryreview.blogspot.com
– think IN pictures @1WORLDCommunity)
MADAyuMadyan - Washington
bercakap dengan Ankara lebih banyak Turki Cina $ 3.4 bilion di mana kedua-dua
negara bersetuju untuk bekerjasama menghasilkan udara jarak jauh dan sistem
pertahanan peluru berpandu. Amerika Syarikat mendakwa hasilnya mungkin tidak
serasi dengan rangkaian pertahanan NATO yang sedia ada.
Dalam
satu langkah yang mengejutkan untuk sekutu NATO yang, Turki mengumumkan pada
bulan September ia akan menganugerahkan kontrak pertahanan peluru berpandu baru
ke China Precision Jentera Import dan Eksport Corp (CPMIEC).
Firma
pertahanan Cina, yang telah dipersetujui oleh Amerika Syarikat untuk
pelanggaran dakwaan Iran, Korea Utara dan Syria Akta ‘Non-proliferation’, telah
dipilih untuk bekerjasama menghasilkan sistem FD-2000 dengan pakar Turki.
CPMIEC mendakwa sistem bukan sahaja berdegup dalam harga, tetapi juga datang
dengan kualiti pesaing-pesaingnya - Rusia S-300, Perancis-Itali Eurosam SAMP/T,
dan Patriots Amerika.
Sekarang
Amerika Syarikat telah mula “perbincangan pakar” dengan Turki mengenai tender
pertahanan, menurut Duta Besar Amerika Syarikat Francis Ricciardone yang dipetik
oleh Reuters.
“Kami
amat bimbang tentang berurusan dengan bakal firma Cina dibenarkan. Ya ini adalah
satu keputusan komersial, ia adalah hak kerajaan Turki, tetapi kita bimbang
tentang apa yang dimaksudkan untuk bersekutu pertahanan udara,” Ricciardone
kepada pemberita pada hari Khamis.
Made in China? US warns Turkey its missile deal with Beijing may be
incompatible with NATO . . .
Washington is talking to Ankara over a $3.4 billion
Turkish-Chinese deal, in which the two countries agreed to co-produce a
long-range air and missile defense system. The US claims the outcome may not be
compatible with the existing NATO defense network.
In a surprise move for its NATO allies, Turkey
announced in September it was going to award a new missile defense contract to
China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corp (CPMIEC).
The Chinese defense firm, which has been sanctioned
by the US for alleged violations of the Iran, North Korea and Syria
Non-proliferation Act, has been chosen to co-produce the FD-2000 system with
Turkish specialists. CPMIEC claims the system not only beats in price, but also
comes up to the quality of its rivals – the Russian S-300, the French-Italian
Eurosam SAMP/T, and the American Patriots.
Now the US has started “expert discussions” with
Turkey regarding the defense tender, according to US Ambassador Francis
Ricciardone quoted by Reuters.
“We are very concerned about the prospective deal
with the sanctioned Chinese firm. Yes this is a commercial decision, it is
Turkey’s sovereign right, but we are concerned about what it means for allied
air defense,” Ricciardone told reporters on Thursday.
Imej dari (Image from http://chinesemilitaryreview.blogspot.com
– think IN pictures @1WORLDCommunity)
Beliau menambah bahawa Turki adalah berhak kepada “keputusan
sendiri selepas meneliti fakta-fakta.” Sebelum ini, Turki memberi isyarat bahawa
keputusan itu bukan akhir, dan bahawa ia boleh kembali segera jika kebimbangan
sekutunya’ terbukti benar.
Setakat ini, pegawai-pegawai NATO dipetik oleh
Reuters berkata ia adalah “pra-matang” untuk mengatakan sama ada teknologi yang
dibeli akan mempunyai masalah yang beroperasi dalam NATO Bersepadu Udara dan Sistem
Pertahanan Peluru Berpandu.
Walau bagaimanapun, sekutu Ankara telah menyatakan
kekecewaan mereka dengan langkah itu, yang datang bulan selepas NATO dikerahkan
beberapa bateri Patriot di Turki untuk “melindungi”itu terhadap serangan
mungkin dari wilayah Syria.
Tetapi menurut pakar-pakar, Turki mempunyai alasan
untuk memilih perjanjian Cina, dan mereka tidak ada kena mengena dengan harga
sistem.
Tawaran China memindahkan teknologi reka bentuk
untuk Turki adalah faktor penentu dalam keputusan , yang Atilla Sandikli,
pengerusi Bilgesam pemikir dan seorang pegawai peringkat tinggi bekas tentera
Turki, memberitahu Reuters.
“Satu-satunya sebab mengapa Turki tidak mempunyai mereka
[sistem pertahanan udara] sehingga kini adalah kerana mereka mahu mencapai
maklumat teknologi dan pengetahuan untuk menghasilkan sistem ini,” kata
Sandikli. “Saya rasa pilihan Turki adalah satu mesej kepada sekutu NATO dalam
hal ini.”
He added that Turkey is entitled to “its own
decision after examining the facts.” Earlier, Turkey signaled that the decision
was not final, and that it could back away if its allies’ concerns proved to be
true.
So far, NATO officials quoted by Reuters said it was
“premature” to say whether the purchased technologies will have problems
operating within the NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defence System.
However, Ankara’s allies have already expressed
their disappointment with the move, which comes months after NATO deployed
several Patriot batteries in Turkey to “safeguard” it against possible strikes
from Syrian territory.
But according to experts, Turkey had its reasons to
prefer the Chinese deal, and they had nothing to do with the price of the
systems.
China’s offer of transferring the design technology
to Turkey was a decisive factor in its decision, Atilla Sandikli, the chairman
of think-tank Bilgesam and a former high-level officer in the Turkish army,
told Reuters.
“The only reason why Turkey didn’t have them [the
air defense systems] until now is because they wanted to achieve the
technological information and know-how to produce these systems,” Sandikli
said. “I think Turkey’s choice is a message to its NATO allies in this sense.”
Laporan media berkata banyak ditangguhkan, 2009-mengumumkan
tender pertahanan Turki telah telah mengheret sehingga baru-baru ini kerana Ankara
keberatan untuk membeli sistem peluru berpandu dari rak, dan mahu maklumat reka
bentuk yang dimasukkan untuk menghasilkan bateri yang ditanam.
Sebagai undang-undang eksport Amerika Syarikat tidak
akan membenarkan pemindahan teknologi, tentera gergasi Amerika Raytheon dan
Lockheed dilaporkan enggan memasuki apa-apa perjanjian.
Orang Cina, di sisi lain, telah lebih daripada
bersedia untuk memberikan maklumat reka bentuk kepada rakan-rakan jualan, dan,
menurut Nihat Ali Ozcan, penganalisis di Ankara berasaskan pemikir TEPAV, China
dan Turki sudah mula bekerjasama pada jarak dekat sistem pertahanan peluru
berpandu.
China sendiri telah menarik di Rusia tahu-bagaimana
dan, sebahagiannya, teknologi Barat apabila mereka bentuk sistem sendiri, pakar
tentera Rusia telah berkata.
Pengeluar tentera Cina telah dikenali untuk teknologi
pertahanan pengklonan, yang membawa kepada pengeluar terkenal seperti Rusia
Sukhoi meminta jaminan undang-undang tidak akan ada cubaan untuk meniru model
eksport terbaru mereka. Pada masa yang sama, Rusia telah membekalkan beberapa
komponen dan teknologi ke China di bawah kontrak awal.
Apabila ia datang kepada sistem FD-2000 bahawa Turki
boleh memperolehi, bahan pemasaran Cina dan laporan akhbar menyatakan bahawa
peluru berpandu itu, pelancar , radar, kenderaan dan sistem sokongan yang
direka dan dibina di China.
Media reports said the much-delayed, 2009-announced
Turkish defense tender had been dragging until recently because Ankara was
reluctant to purchase missile systems off the shelf, and wanted design
information included to produce home-grown batteries.
As US export laws would not allow technology
transfer, American military giants Raytheon and Lockheed reportedly refused to
enter such a deal.
The Chinese, on the other hand, have been more than
willing to provide design information to its sales partners, and, according to
Nihat Ali Ozcan, analyst at Ankara-based think-tank TEPAV, China and Turkey
have already started to co-operate on short-range missile defense systems.
China itself has been drawing on Russian know-how
and, partly, Western technologies when designing its own systems, Russian
military experts have said.
Chinese military producers have been known for
cloning defense technologies, leading to such renowned manufacturers as
Russia’s Sukhoi ask for legal guarantees there will not be attempts to copy
their latest export models. At the same time, Russia has been supplying some of
the components and technologies to China under earlier contracts.
When it comes to the FD-2000 system that Turkey may
acquire, the Chinese marketing material and press reports state that its
missiles, launchers, radars, vehicles and support systems are all designed and
built in China.
Ia dikatakan berkesan dalam menghalang serangan pesawat
berprestasi tinggi, helikopter, pelbagai peluru berpandu, bom berpandu
ketepatan, serta kenderaan udara tanpa pemandu (UAV), juga dikenali sebagai
pesawat. Pengiklanan pergi bahawa sistem itu juga masih berkesan semasa
serangan udara berat dan gangguan elektronik.
Eksport ketenteraan China telah meningkat pada
tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, dengan Institut Penyelidikan Keamanan Stockholm
(SIPRI) kedudukan sebagai yang ke-5 terbesar pembekal senjata di DUNIA dalam
tempoh 5 tahun hingga 2012. Menurut SIPRI, China telah mengatasi eksport
senjata di UK.
Laporan dalam akhbar negeri yang dikendalikan oleh
tentera China mencadangkan penjualan sistem pertahanan peluru berpandu ke Turki
akan membuka pintu kepada perintah teknologi lebih jauh tinggi dari Barat dan
pasaran lain.
It is said to be effective in intercepting high
performance strike aircraft, helicopters, a range of missiles, precision guided
bombs, as well as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones. The
advertising goes that the system also remains effective during heavy air
strikes and electronic interference.
China’s military exports have been on the rise in
the recent years, with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI) ranking it as the world’s fifth biggest arms supplier in the five years
to 2012. According to SIPRI, China has already surpassed the UK’s arms exports.
Reports in China’s state-run military press
suggested the sale of the missile defense system to Turkey would open the door
to even further high technology orders from the West and other markets.
READ MORE: http://on.rt.com/be6vba
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